MITOCHONDRIA
structure of mitochondria
Mitochondria are important cell organelle associated with energy metabolism.They were first reported by kolikar from the flight muscls of insects. The name mitochondria given by Benda(1897).
Mitochondria (sing:mitochondrion),unless specifically stained, are not easily visiable under the microscope.The number of mitochondria per cell is variable depending on the physiological activity of the cells. In terms of shape and size also, considerable dagree of variability is observed. Typically it is sausage-shaped or cylindrical having a diameter of 0.2-1.0 (average 0.5 ) and lenght 1.0-4.1 . Each mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound structure with the outer membrane and inner membrane dividing its lumen distinctly into two aqueous compartments, i.e.,the outer compartment and the inner compartment. The inner commpartment is filled with a dense homogeneous substance called the matrix. The outer membrane forms the continuous limiting boundary of the organelle. The inner membrane forms a number of infolding called the cristae(sing:crista) towards the matrix. The cristae increase the surface area. The two membranes have their own specific enzymes associated with the mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration. They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP, hence they ae called 'power houses' of the cell.The matrix also possesses single circular DNA molecule, a few RNA molecules, ribosomes(70S) and the components requied for the synthesis of proteins. The mitochondria divide by fission.
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Cristae
*The inner membrane of mitochondria is rather complex in struture. It has many folds that form a layered structure called cristae. They helps in increasing the surface area inside the organelle.
*The inner mitochondrial membrane is strictly permeable only to oxygen and ATP molecules.
Mitochondrial Matrix
* The mitochondria matrix is a viscous fluid that contains a mixture of enzymes and proteins.
*It also comprises ribosomes, inorganic ions, mitochondrial DNA, nucleotide cofactors, and organic molecules.
*The enzymes present in the matrix play an important role in the synthesis of ATP molecules.
Chemical composition of mitochondria
protein ..................................................... 65-70%
Phosopholipid........................................... 25%
RNA........................................................... 0.5%
DNA.............................................................some amount
Functions of Mitochondria
The most important function of mitochondria is to produce energy throught the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
*Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell.
*Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication.
*Help in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells.
*Responsible for building certain parts of the blood and various hormones like testosterone and oestrogen.
*Help in maintaining an adequate concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell.
*It is also involved in various cellular activities like cellular differentiation,cell signalling , cell senescence, controlling the cell cycle and also in cell growth.
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